Glossary
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Acquis communautaire |
The accumulated legislation and court decisions which make up European law |
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ASEA |
African Securities Exchanges Association |
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ARWU |
Academic Ranking of World Universities |
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ATC |
Assessment of Transition Challenges |
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Basic metals |
See Detailed structure and explanatory notes ISIC Rev.3.1 code 27 |
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BEEPS |
Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey (conducted by the EBRD and the World Bank) |
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BMI |
Business Monitor International |
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BOT |
Build-operate-transfer |
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CA |
Central Asia |
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CDM model |
See Box 2.1 in the “Productivity” section of this website for details |
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CEB |
Central Europe and the Baltic states |
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CIPI |
Whiteshield Partners’ capability and innovation potential index |
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EBRD, the Bank |
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development |
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EEC |
Eastern Europe and the Caucasus |
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EHS&S |
Environment, Health, Safety and Sustainability |
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EIB |
European Investment Bank |
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EITI/PWYP |
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative/ Publish What You Pay |
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EIU-WEO |
Economist Intelligence Unit – Women’s Economic Opportunity |
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EMPEA |
Emerging Markets Private Equity Association |
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EU |
European Union |
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EVCA |
European Private Equity and Venture Capital Association |
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FAO |
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |
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FEAS |
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FESE |
Federation of European Securities Exchanges |
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FYR Macedonia |
Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia |
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GIEWS |
Global Information and Early Warning System (on food and agriculture) |
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Global technological frontier |
The highest level of technological achievement in a given field |
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GVC |
Global value chain |
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HHI |
Herfindahl-Hirschman index, a measure of market concentration |
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IAIS |
International Association of Insurance Supervisors |
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ICT |
Information and communication technology |
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IFC |
International Finance Corporation |
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IFI |
International financial institution |
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IFRS |
International Financial Reporting Standards |
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ILO |
International Labour Organization |
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IMF |
International Monetary Fund |
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Innovation hub |
A location in which there is a high concentration of innovative firms |
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ISO |
International Organization for Standardization |
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ISSA |
International Social Security Administration |
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LITS |
Life in Transition Survey |
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Medium-high-technology |
See Eurostat indicators of High-tech industry and Knowledge – intensive services |
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Medium-low-technology |
See Eurostat indicators of High-tech industry and Knowledge – intensive services |
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MFN |
Most-favoured-nation |
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MIS |
Management information system |
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MDB |
Multilateral development bank |
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MENA ES |
Middle East and North Africa Enterprise Surveys (conducted by the EBRD, the European Investment Bank and the World Bank) |
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MOI survey |
Management, Organisation and Innovation survey (conducted by the EBRD and the World Bank) |
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NRA |
Nominal Rates of Assistance |
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OECD |
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |
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PE |
Private equity |
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PISA |
Programme for International Student Assessment (conducted by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) |
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PPP |
Public-private partnership |
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P2P |
Peer-to-peer |
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RDI |
Research, development and innovation |
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SBS |
The EBRD’s Small Business Support programme |
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SEE |
Southern and eastern Europe |
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SEMED |
Southern and eastern Mediterranean |
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SMEs |
Small and medium-sized enterprises |
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“Soft” innovation |
Marketing or organisational innovation |
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Technology matching services |
Web-based platforms that connect organisations offering technology with those seeking technology and technological solutions |
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TIMSS |
Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study |
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Transition countries |
Countries where the EBRD works to foster the transition to open market-oriented economies |
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Transition impact |
A key principle governing the EBRD’s project activities. There are broadly three areas in which an EBRD project can contribute to the process of transition – the structure and extent of markets; the institutions and policies that support markets; and market-based behaviour patterns, skills and innovation. These three areas are further divided into seven sources of the transition impact which are – greater competition in the project sector; expansion of competitive market interactions in other sectors; more widespread private ownership; institutions, laws and policies that promote market functioning and efficiency; transfer and dispersion of skills; demonstration of new replicable behaviour and activities; and setting standards for corporate governance and business conduct. |
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TFP |
Total factor productivity |
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UN |
United Nations |
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UNECE |
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe |
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UNESCO |
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization |
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UNIDO |
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
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Unlevelled industries |
Industries in which a technological leader competes with a group of followers |
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VC |
Venture capital |
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WDIs |
World Development Indicators |
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WEF |
World Economic Forum |
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WGIs |
The World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators (control of corruption, regulatory quality, government effectiveness and rule of law). |
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WIPO |
World Intellectual Property Organization |
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WTO |
World Trade Organization |
Country abbreviations
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Transition countries |
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Albania |
ALB |
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Armenia |
ARM |
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Azerbaijan |
AZE |
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Belarus |
BEL |
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Bosnia and Herz. |
BOS |
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Bulgaria |
BUL |
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Croatia |
CRO |
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Cyprus |
CYP |
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Egypt |
EGY |
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Estonia |
EST |
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FYR Macedonia |
FYR |
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Georgia |
GEO |
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Hungary |
HUN |
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Jordan |
JOR |
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Kazakhstan |
KAZ |
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Kosovo |
KOS |
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Kyrgyz Republic |
KGZ |
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Latvia |
LAT |
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Lithuania |
LIT |
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Moldova |
MDA |
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Mongolia |
MON |
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Montenegro |
MNG |
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Morocco |
MOR |
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Poland |
POL |
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Romania |
ROM |
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Russia |
RUS |
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Serbia |
SER |
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Slovak Republic |
SVK |
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Slovenia |
SLO |
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Tajikistan |
TJK |
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Tunisia |
TUN |
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Turkey |
TUR |
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Turkmenistan |
TKM |
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Ukraine |
UKR |
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Uzbekistan |
UZB |
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Other countries |
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Argentina |
ARG |
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Australia |
AUS |
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Brazil |
BRA |
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Canada |
CAN |
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China |
CHN |
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Czech Republic |
CZE |
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Finland |
FIN |
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France |
FRA |
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Germany |
GER |
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India |
IND |
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Indonesia |
IDN |
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Israel |
ISR |
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Italy |
ITA |
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Japan |
JPN |
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Netherlands |
NED |
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Saudi Arabia |
SAU |
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Singapore |
SGP |
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South Africa |
ZAF |
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South Korea |
KOR |
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Thailand |
THA |
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United Kingdom |
UK |
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United States |
USA |